ABOUT
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Sildenafil, sold under the brand name Viagra among others, is a medication used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension.[8][4] It is unclear if it is effective for treating sexual dysfunction in women.[8] It is taken by mouth or injection into a vein.[8] Onset is typically within 20 minutes and lasts for about 2 hours.[8]
Common side effects include headaches, heartburn, and flushed skin.[8] Caution is advised in those with cardiovascular disease.[8] Rare but serious side effects include a prolonged erection that can lead to damage to the penis, vision problems, and hearing loss.[8] Sildenafil should not be taken by people on nitrates such as nitroglycerin (glycerin trinitrate), as this may result in a serious drop in blood pressure.[8]
Sildenafil acts by blocking phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), an enzyme that promotes breakdown of cGMP, which regulates blood flow in the penis.[8] It requires sexual arousal, however, to work.[8] It also results in dilation of the blood vessels in the lungs.[8]
Pfizer originally discovered the medication in 1989 while looking for a treatment for heart-related chest pain.[9] It was approved for medical use in the United States and in the European Union in 1998.[5][8][9][10] In 2017, it was the 217th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than two million prescriptions.[11][12] In 2017, it became available as a generic medication after final patents by Pfizer expired.[13] In the United Kingdom, it is available over the counter.[14] Most of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) in Sildenafil, Sildenafil citrate, is produced in Pfizer’s Ringaskiddy complex, County Cork, which is Pfizer’s largest production facility outside of the United States
Medical Use
Sexual dysfunction
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The primary indication of sildenafil is treatment of erectile dysfunction (inability to sustain a satisfactory erection to complete sexual intercourse). Its use is now one of the standard treatments for erectile dysfunction, including for men with diabetes mellitus.[16]
Antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction
Tentative evidence suggests that sildenafil may help men who experience antidepressant-induced erectile dysfunction.[17]
Pulmonary hypertension
While sildenafil improves some markers of disease in people with pulmonary arterial hypertension, it does not appear to affect the risk of death or serious side effects as of 2014.
Raynaud’s phenomenon
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Sildenafil and other PDE5 inhibitors are used off-label to alleviate vasospasm and treat severe ischemia and ulcers in fingers and toes for people with secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon;[19][20] these drugs have moderate efficacy for reducing the frequency and duration of vasospastic episodes.[19] As of 2016, their role more generally in Raynaud’s was not clear.[20]
High-altitude pulmonary edema
Sildenafil has been studied for high-altitude pulmonary edema, but its use is currently not recommended for that indication
Adverse effects
In clinical trials, the most common adverse effects of sildenafil use included headache, flushing, indigestion, nasal congestion, and impaired vision, including photophobia and blurred vision.[4] Some sildenafil users have complained of seeing everything tinted blue (cyanopsia).[22] Some complained of blurriness and loss of peripheral vision. In July 2005, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) found that sildenafil could lead to vision impairment in rare cases,[23] and a number of studies have linked sildenafil use with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.[24]
Rare but serious adverse effects found through postmarketing surveillance include prolonged erections, severe low blood pressure, myocardial infarction (heart attack), ventricular arrhythmias, stroke, increased intraocular pressure, and sudden hearing loss.[4] In October 2007, the FDA announced that the labeling for all PDE5 inhibitors, including sildenafil, required a more prominent warning of the potential risk of sudden hearing loss